In the realm of modern chemistry, a group of man-made compounds known as Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) has emerged, leaving a problematic mark on our lives. These substances, often referred to as ‘forever chemicals’ due to their remarkable persistence and resilience in the environment, have found their way into an array of everyday products, from the non-stick coating on cookware to carpets, cosmetics and clothes. Their ability to repel water and grease has made them indispensable in various industries, and seemingly ubiquitous in our modern homes. So, what is essential for us to understand about PFAS and just how damaging they can be to humans and the natural world? The below guide offers the most up-to-date ‘need to know’.

Common Routes of Exposure

Studies indicate that there are a number of ways to be exposed to PFAS, often without our knowledge. The most common routes include:

• Ingestion: PFAS can enter our bodies through contaminated food and water, particularly those grown or sourced from areas with high PFAS concentrations.
• Inhalation: inside the house, studies show an element of airborne PFAS exposure, where particles in dust or fumes can be inhaled during activities like cleaning or industrial work.
• Absorption: direct contact with products containing PFAS, such as cosmetics, water-resistant fabrics and activewear, can allow these chemicals to penetrate the skin.

Health Concerns

• PFAS and their widespread use have raised concerns about their potential impact on human health. Studies have linked exposure to PFAS to a troubling range of health issues including:
• Increased Cancer Risk: PFAS have been associated with an elevated risk of certain types of cancer, including prostate, kidney and testicular cancer.
• Reproductive and Developmental Problems: exposure during pregnancy has been linked to adverse effects on fetal development, potentially leading to low birth weight or impaired growth.
• Immune System Suppression: PFAS can interfere with the body's immune system, making it more susceptible to infections and diseases.
• Thyroid Problems: PFAS can disrupt thyroid hormone production, leading to thyroid disorders that affect metabolism and overall health.
• Liver and Kidney Damage: chronic exposure to PFAS has been linked to liver and kidney damage, affecting these organs' ability to function correctly.

Environmental Impact

PFAS can be tenacious environmental troublemakers too. They infiltrate water sources above and below ground. This contamination, with its far-reaching tendrils, not only disrupts ecosystems but also infiltrates the tissues of wildlife, magnifying its impact on the food chain. PFAS's stubborn nature doesn't spare the soil either, affecting plant life. These chemicals take to the air, traversing the globe, and in their journey they find their way into human diets and respiratory pathways. Studies suggest adverse effects on wildlife and potential repercussions for human health.

Reducing PFAS’ Footprint

While the pervasiveness of PFAS in our daily lives poses challenges, there are steps we can take to minimise our exposure and protect our health. In and around our home, WLLW suggests that you consider the following alternatives:

• Non-stick Cookware Alternatives: opt for stainless steel, cast iron or ceramic cookware instead of non-stick surfaces containing PFAS.
• PFAS-Free Clothing and Footwear: choose garments that are specifically labelled as PFAS-free.
• Avoid PFAS-Containing Packaging: minimize the use of food packaging labelled as ‘non-stick’ or ‘grease-resistant’, as these may contain PFAS.
• Fragrance-Free and Dye-Free Cleaning Products: select cleaning products that are fragrance-free and dye-free, as these often contain PFAS.
• PFAS-Free Personal Care Products: look for personal care products that are explicitly labelled as ‘PFAS-free’ to avoid exposure.
• Filtered Water: drink filtered water to reduce your intake of PFAS from contaminated water sources.

Regulatory Initiatives

Tackling the PFAS problem is a team sport and the government plays a huge role in the game. The US government has implemented regulatory measures, primarily through the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The PFAS Action Plan, introduced in 2019, outlines a comprehensive strategy involving monitoring, research and regulatory initiatives to address PFAS contamination. The EPA, as a result, has developed a commitment roadmap, and taken steps to establish drinking water health advisories for two PFAS chemicals (PFOA and PFOS), indicating that they be designated as hazardous substances. Concurrently, Congress has actively proposed legislation to regulate PFAS, covering aspects such as drinking water standards and environmental clean-up.

These are all promising signs, but staying informed about ongoing developments is crucial as efforts to regulate PFAS are dynamic. For the latest information, checking the EPA website is recommended.