Indoor air quality (IAQ) is an important factor to consider within the home, particularly for vulnerable populations such as those suffering from asthma and allergies, as well as those with heart or lung diseases, children and the elderly. Poor IAQ can exacerbate existing health conditions and lead to a range of respiratory issues, cardiovascular problems and other adverse health effects. This is a global issue, with the World Health Organization attributing 3.2 million deaths worldwide to indoor air pollutants.

Research has shown that exposure to these chemicals can increase the frequency and severity of asthma symptoms, leading to more frequent hospital visits and medication use. A study published in the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology found that indoor PM2.5 (fine particulate matter) concentrations were positively associated with asthma-related hospital admissions among children. As such, it’s important to remove allergens from your home.

Isolating the factors that contribute to poor indoor air quality

Indoor environments can harbor various allergens such as dust mites, pet dander, mold spores and pollen, which can trigger allergic reactions and asthma attacks. Additionally, indoor air pollutants like Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) from household products and particulate matter (PM) can worsen respiratory symptoms and decrease lung function in asthma sufferers. Prolonged exposure to VOCs can irritate the respiratory tract, tightening the airways and leading to breathing difficulties. For those with asthma and allergies, IAQ plays a critical role in managing their symptoms and overall wellbeing.

Recognizing the signs of poor air quality often involves paying close attention to various indicators. Odor is a common first sign of contaminated air. A musty smell might suggest a mold infestation, and any visible signs of mold growth, such as evidence of spores or discoloration should be dealt with quickly and effectively. A buildup of dust on surfaces throughout your home may suggest poor ventilation and inadequate filtration of airborne particles. Condensation on windows or walls can signal high humidity levels, which can promote mold growth and worsen indoor air quality.

Jay Stake, president of the Indoor Air Quality Association (IAQA), suggests playing detective and keeping a daily journal to isolate spaces within the home where symptoms are exacerbated. If you suspect significant indoor air quality issues or are unable to identify the source of pollutants in your home, consider hiring an indoor air quality testing service.

Strategies to improve indoor air quality at home

Ventilation:

Ventilation systems, such as exhaust fans and mechanical ventilation systems, help to remove indoor pollutants and allergens. Natural ventilation, where the climate allows, should be taken advantage of. Cross-ventilation, where windows on opposite sides of a room are opened, can promote airflow and circulation throughout the home. Use heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems with appropriate filters and ventilation settings to circulate and filter indoor air effectively. Consider using portable air purifiers with HEPA filters or activated carbon filters to remove airborne pollutants and allergens from indoor air.

Air purification:

Air purifiers are equipped with filters that capture and remove various airborne pollutants. By continuously filtering the air, air purifiers help reduce the concentration of indoor pollutants, improving IAQ and reducing the risk of respiratory issues and allergic reactions. Some air purifiers are equipped with activated carbon or charcoal filters while others use ultraviolet radiation or negatively charged ions to neutralize airborne pathogens.

Cleaning practices:

Dust surfaces regularly using a microfiber cloth to trap and remove dust particles. Vacuum carpets, rugs and upholstery frequently using a vacuum cleaner equipped with a HEPA filter – this is particularly important in high-traffic areas of the home. Choose environmentally friendly and low-VOC cleaning products. To avoid VOCs completely, it’s easy to make all-purpose cleaners at home. Distilled white vinegar combined with water and tea tree oil makes an excellent solution and is also very effective against mold.

Humidity control:

Maintaining optimal humidity levels in your home is crucial for preventing the growth of mold and the proliferation of dust mites. This is particularly important for the wellbeing of at-risk groups, including individuals with respiratory conditions, compromised immune systems, children and the elderly. Use dehumidifiers in damp or humid areas of the home, such as basements, bathrooms and laundry rooms, to remove excess moisture from the air. Repair leaks promptly to prevent water intrusion and consider using a hygrometer to ensure humidity levels remain between 40 percent and 50 percent, as recommended by the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology.

Reducing chemical exposure:

Select household products, furnishings and building materials that are labeled as low-VOC or VOC-free. Harmful chemicals are found in products such as paints and form the flame retardants routinely used in upholstery; seek out organic materials or Greenguard-certified options. Always ventilate purchases such as mattresses, rugs and textiles to allow any off-gassing of VOCs to dissipate before they enter the home.

Photography: Ralf Geith/Adobe, LG, Roan Iris, Armadillo, Cultiver