The Six Chemical Classes Series: Certain Solvents

Solvents refer to a class of chemicals used to dissolve other substances. At home, solvents can be found in oil-based paints, paint thinners, varnishes, adhesives, cleaning products, cosmetics, aerosols, nail polish removers and colored markers. Solvents of concern include aromatic hydrocarbons – toluene, xylene and benzene, for example – and halogenated organic solvents such as methylene chloride, perchloroethylene and trichloroethylene. These can evaporate into the air, causing symptoms such as headaches, dizziness and memory loss. Long-term exposure may increase the risk of neurological disorders.

Routes of Exposure

People who work with gasoline, paints and dry cleaning products are at the greatest risk of exposure to problematic solvents. Still, there are a number of ways we can be exposed in the home.

• Inhalation: Breathing in vapors released by solvents during activities like cleaning or using paint thinners, cleaning agents or adhesives in poorly ventilated areas.

• Dermal (skin) contact: Direct contact with solvents while handling products containing these chemicals while using cleaning solutions, paints or adhesives without gloves.

• Ingestion: Accidental ingestion of solvents through hand-to-mouth contact after handling contaminated objects. Children may also accidentally swallow products like paint thinner or cleaning solutions. Some solvents, particularly perchloroethylene and trichloroethylene, are common groundwater contaminants and can end up in drinking water.

• Eye contact: Direct contact of solvents with the eyes, such as the accidental splashing of products containing solvents.

• Absorption through broken skin: Solvents may be absorbed through broken skin. Avoid handling solvents without protective measures, especially if the skin is cut or irritated.

Health Concerns

Solvents commonly found in household products can present health concerns. Inhalation of vapors may lead to respiratory issues, including coughing and shortness of breath. Aromatic hydrocarbons can have neurotoxic effects, causing symptoms like dizziness and headaches. Contact with solvents may result in irritation, dryness, dermatitis or eye irritation. Prolonged contact with certain solvents, particularly benzene, may increase the likelihood of cancer. Some solvents can cause liver and kidney damage, while others may pose reproductive toxicity risks.

Environmental Concerns

Research has shown that the impact of household products on the environment goes beyond our homes and can affect wider ecosystems. Water Pollution is a concern, as disposal of certain products down the drain can lead to the release of hydrocarbons into water systems. These chemicals can harm aquatic life and disrupt the ecosystem’s delicate balance. Improper disposal of household waste can result in soil contamination, which can impact plant growth and enter the food chain.

Certain chemicals released into the environment contribute to global issues like ozone depletion and climate change. While household products alone may not be the primary drivers, their cumulative impact, along with industrial activities, adds to the broader environmental challenges we face. Production and manufacturing of some solvents containing Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) like benzene, toluene and chloroform, can evaporate into the air, affecting the overall air quality.

Reducing the Impact

As consumers, there are several actions we can take to reduce the impact of chemicals in household products and contribute to a more sustainable lifestyle. Use paints, glues, inks and stain removers in well-ventilated areas and opt for mineral-based instead of oil-based paints. Further advice includes:

• Choose low-VOC or VOC-free products: Look for products labelled as low-VOC or VOC-free. These products typically contain fewer harmful chemicals. Likewise, look for cleaning products with labels such as EPA’s ‘Safer Choice’.

• Read labels: Look out for specific chemicals like benzene, toluene, xylene and chloroform. Being informed about what's in the products you use helps you make conscious choices.

• Select ecologically responsible options: Explore sustainable alternatives to traditional household products. Many brands now offer environmentally conscious choices that are biodegradable, non-toxic and produced using sustainable practices.

• DIY cleaning solutions: Consider making your own cleaning solutions using ingredients like vinegar, baking soda and lemon. DIY solutions are often effective and reduce the need for products with potentially harmful chemicals.

• Proper disposal: Dispose of household products responsibly. Follow local guidelines for the disposal of paints, solvents and other chemical-containing items.

• Reduce single-use plastics: Opt for products with minimal or sustainable packaging, and consider alternatives like refillable containers to reduce plastic waste.

• Advocate for change: Share information with friends and family, support local initiatives promoting sustainable living and reach out to companies to express your preferences for greener products.

Regulatory Initiatives

In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) oversees programs and regulations related to solvents and other chemicals. Key initiatives include the Toxic Substances Control Act which provides the EPA with the authority to assess and regulate chemicals to ensure they do not pose risks to human health or the environment. The EPA conducts risk evaluations and may take regulatory actions to restrict the use of certain substances.

Likewise there is the Safer Choice Program which encourages the development and use of safer chemical formulations in consumer products. Products that meet the program's rigorous safety and environmental criteria receive the Safer Choice certification label. Also in this field is the Volatile Organic Compound Regulations, with various federal and state regulators limiting the emissions of VOCs. These regulations are aimed at reducing air pollution and minimizing the impact of certain chemicals on air quality and human health. These regulatory initiatives collectively contribute to managing the use of solvents, promoting safer alternatives.

Photography: CrispyMedia/Adobe