Healthy Materials Series: Terracotta
This article is part of the Healthy Materials series exploring sustainable and health-conscious options for the home. Discover the ancient origins and enduring environmental benefits of terracotta.
WORDS Elissa Rose
Terracotta, meaning ‘baked earth’, has been shaping human spaces for millennia. From the ancient rooftops of Rome to the sun-warmed tiles of Mediterranean courtyards, it has long been a material that connects us to the earth beneath our feet. Nowhere is its enduring power more evident than in the famed Terracotta Army of Xi’an, where over 8,000 life-sized soldiers, crafted in the third century BCE, still stand guard over an emperor’s tomb – a testament to the material’s strength and timeless presence. Today, terracotta continues to bring that same sense of grounded beauty into modern homes, used for flooring, tiles, planters and decorative pieces that speak to tradition while offering natural, sustainable simplicity.
A clay quarry. Photo courtesy of Yuri Kravchenko/Adobe
Health Impact
Terracotta is a naturally non-toxic material, made from clay that is shaped and fired at high temperatures. Its mineral composition ensures it is free from Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), making it a safe choice for indoor use. Terracotta’s porous nature allows it to regulate moisture, contributing to healthier indoor air by absorbing humidity and releasing it slowly, reducing the risk of mold growth. In flooring and wall applications, terracotta’s breathability can improve indoor climate comfort. However, some commercial terracotta products may be sealed with synthetic finishes or treated with chemical glazes, which can off-gas and reduce air quality. It’s important to choose untreated or naturally sealed terracotta products to maintain its health benefits. Additionally, handmade or small-batch terracotta, such as those produced by artisan ceramicists and traditional manufacturers, typically avoid the use of harmful additives.
Environmental Impact
Terracotta is an environmentally-friendly material when produced responsibly. It is made from abundant natural clay, shaped and fired without the need for synthetic additives. The production process, particularly when using low-energy kilns or solar drying methods, has a relatively small environmental footprint. Terracotta is also highly durable and long-lasting, reducing the need for frequent replacement, and is fully recyclable and biodegradable at the end of its life. However, high-temperature firing can be energy-intensive, and mass production may involve chemical glazes or finishes that compromise sustainability. Brands and makers that prioritize small-batch production, local clay sourcing and low-impact firing methods help ensure terracotta remains an environmentally responsible choice for homes.
Different layers of clay visible in a quarry. Photo courtesy of Оксана Скиданова/Adobe
Pros
- Made from natural, abundant clay with no synthetic chemicals.
- Breathable and porous, helping to regulate indoor humidity.
- Extremely durable and long-lasting with proper care.
- Fully recyclable and biodegradable at the end of its life.
- Naturally non-toxic and VOC-free.
Cons
- High-energy consumption during firing in industrial kilns.
- Porous surfaces may stain if not sealed or maintained properly.
- Some commercial products are sealed with synthetic varnishes or chemical glazes.
- Can crack or chip if subjected to extreme temperature changes or impact.
- Higher cost for artisan, small-batch or sustainably made products.
 Artisan crafting a pot for Seibert and Rice. Photo courtesy of Seibert and Rice |
 Handmade terracotta pots by Seibert and Rice. Photo courtesy of Seibert and Rice |
Typical Finishes, Dyes and Adhesives
Terracotta is often left untreated to maintain its natural appearance and breathability, but in some cases, it is sealed to protect against stains and water absorption. Traditional sealing methods include natural waxes or oils, but commercial terracotta products may be coated with synthetic sealants or glazes containing heavy metals or VOCs. These finishes can diminish terracotta’s breathability and introduce off-gassing chemicals into the home. Additionally, adhesives used to install terracotta tiles or architectural elements may contain synthetic resins or solvents that can release harmful fumes. To ensure a safe and healthy choice, look for terracotta products that are untreated, finished with natural sealants, and installed using low-VOC adhesives.
Terms to Avoid
When purchasing terracotta, avoid terms such as ‘high-gloss finish’, ‘chemically sealed’, or ‘industrial glaze’, as these can indicate the presence of synthetic coatings or heavy metals. Steer clear of products labeled ‘stain-proof’, as these often rely on chemical treatments that compromise terracotta’s natural breathability and can introduce toxins. Instead, look for descriptors like ‘natural finish’, ‘handmade’, or ‘low-fire terracotta’, and certifications for low-VOC products when purchasing sealants or adhesives.
Handmade Kobenhavner pots by Bergs Potter. Photo courtesy of Bergs Potter
Practical Tips
- Choose handmade or small-batch products: These are less likely to use synthetic glazes or additives.
- Opt for natural sealants: Beeswax or natural oils are preferable to chemical varnishes.
- Inspect finishes carefully: Avoid high-gloss or chemically treated surfaces.
- Support responsible brands: Look for makers who prioritise local clay sourcing, low-energy firing, and small-batch production.
- Use low-VOC adhesives: For installation, confirm that adhesives are solvent-free and meet low-emission standards.
- Maintain with care: Clean with mild soap and water and avoid harsh chemical cleaners that can degrade natural finishes.
 |
 |
Collection of Bergs Potter’s Kobenhavner pots. Photo courtesy of Bergs Potter |
Working Holiday Studio designed their LA home, inspired by a Mexican hacienda. Photo courtesy of Carlos Naude |
 |
 |
Villa Terracotta by Claybrook Studio. Photo courtesy of Claybrook Studio |
Handmade Kobenhavner pots. Photo courtesy of Bergs Potter |
Home in southwest Sri Lanka designed by Aim Architecture and Norm Architects. Photo courtesy of Jonas Bjerre-Poulsen and Noah Sheldon
Feature Image: Mark J. Grenie/Adobe
Photography: Yuri Kravchenko/Adobe, Оксана Скиданова/Adobe, Seibert and Rice, Bergs Potter, Carlos Naude, Claybrook Studio, Jonas Bjerre-Poulsen and Noah Sheldon
